Robert McNamara (1916 – 2009) was an American business executive and politician who served as the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968 during the presidency of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He was one of the architects of the Vietnam War and played a key role in the escalation of U.S. involvement in the conflict. McNamara was also instrumental in the development of the U.S. military's nuclear weapons strategy during the Cold War. After leaving government service, he became the president of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981. McNamara was known for his analytical and data-driven approach to decision-making, which earned him the nickname "the bean counter." He was a controversial figure in American politics, with some praising his intellect and efficiency while others criticized his role in the Vietnam War and his sometimes abrasive personality.
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